History of
Gwent
Newport (Casnewydd) Gwent is a city and administrative
area of Wales, situated on the banks of the River Usk between Cardiff and
Chepstow. It is the largest urban area in the historic county of Monmouthshire
and is governed by the unitary Newport City Council. The population of Newport
is 140,200, making it the third most populous city and seventh most populous
unitary authority in Wales. According to Census 2001 data the population of the
core built-up area was 116,143.
In the Bronze Age fishermen settled around the fertile
estuary of the River Usk and later the Celtic Silures built hillforts
overlooking it. In AD 75, on the very edge of their empire, the Roman legions
built a Roman fort at Caerleon to defend the river crossing. According to
legend, in the late 5th century St. Woolos Church was founded by St. Gwynllyw,
the patron saint of Newport and King of Gwynllwg. The church was certainly in
existence by the 9th century and today has become St. Woolos Cathedral, the
seat of the Bishop of Monmouth. The Normans arrived from around 1088–1093 to
build Newport Castle and
river crossing downstream and the first Norman Lord of
Newport was Robert Fitzhamon.
The settlement of 'Newport' is first mentioned as novo
burgus established by Robert, Earl of Gloucester in 1126. The name was derived
from the original Latin name Novus Burgus, meaning new borough or new town. The
city can sometimes be found labelled as Newport-on-Usk on old maps. The Welsh
language name for the city, Casnewydd-ar-Wysg means 'New
castle-on-Usk' (this is a shortened version of Castell
Newydd ar Wysg) and this refers to the twelfth-century castle ruins near the
city centre. The original Newport Castle was a small Motte-and-bailey castle in
the park opposite St. Woolos Cathedral. It was buried in rubble excavated from
the railway tunnels that were dug under Stow Hill in the 1840s and no part of
it is currently
visible.
Around the settlement, the new town grew to become
Newport, and was granted a charter by Hugh, Earl of Stafford in 1385. In the
14th century friars came to Newport where they built an isolation hospital for
infectious diseases. After its closure the hospital lived on in the place name
"Spitty Fields" (a
corruption of ysbytty, the Welsh for hospital).
"Austin Friars" also remains a street name in the city.
In 1402 Rhys Gethin, General for Owain Glyndwr,
forcibly took Newport Castle together with those at Cardiff, Llandaff,
Abergavenny, Caerphilly, Caerleon and Usk. During the raid the town of Newport
was badly burned and St. Woolos church destroyed.
A second charter establishing the right of the town to
run its own market and commerce came from Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of
Buckingham in 1426. By 1521 Newport was described as having "....a good
haven coming into it, well occupied with small crays [merchant ships] where a
very great ship may resort and have good harbour." Trade was thriving with
the nearby ports of Bristol and Bridgewater and industries included leather tanning,
soap making and starch making. The town's craftsmen included bakers, butchers,
brewers, carpenters and blacksmiths. A further charter was granted by James I
in 1623.
In 1648 Oliver Cromwell's troops camped overnight on
Christchurch Hill overlooking the town before their attack on the castle the
next day. A cannon-ball dug up from a garden in nearby Summerhill Avenue,
dating from this
time, now rests in Newport Museum.
As the Industrial Revolution took off in Britain in
the 19th century, the South Wales Valleys became key suppliers of coal from the
South Wales coalfield, and iron. These were transported down local rivers and
the new canals to ports such
as Newport, and Newport Docks grew rapidly as a
result. Newport became one of the largest towns in Wales and the focus for the
new industrial eastern valleys of South Wales. By 1830 Newport was Wales'
leading coal port, and until the 1850s it was larger than Cardiff.
Newport Transporter Bridge
Newport was the focal point of a major Chartist
uprising in 1839, where John Frost and 3,000 other Chartists marched on the
Westgate Hotel at the centre of the town. The march was met with an attack by
militia, called to the town by the Mayor: at least 20 marchers were killed and
were later buried in St Woolos' Cathedral churchyard. John Frost was sentenced
to death for treason, but was this was later commuted to transportion to
Australia. He returned to Britain (but not to Newport) later in his life. John
Frost Square, in the centre of the
city, is named in his honour.
Newport probably had a Welsh-speaking majority until
the 1830s, but with a large influx of migrants from England and Ireland over
the following decades, the town became seen as "un-Welsh", a view
compounded by ambiguity about the status of
Monmouthshire. In the 19th century, the St George
Society of Newport asserted that town was part of England, and it was in
Newport that the Cymru Fydd movement received its death blow in 1896, at a
fractious meeting where Lloyd George was told that the "Englishmen"
of South Wales would never submit to "the
domination of Welsh ideas". In 1922 Lloyd George
was to suffer a further blow in Newport, when the Conservative capture of the
recently-created Newport constituency in a by-election helped lead to the end
of his coalition government.
The late 19th and early 20th century period was a boom
time for Newport. The population was expanding rapidly and the town became a
county borough in 1891. The dock system was completed in 1892: the newly-built
South Dock was the largest masonry dock in the world. Although coal exports
from Newport
were by now modest compared to the Port of Cardiff
(which included Cardiff, Penarth and Barry), Newport was the place where the
Miners' Federation of Great Britain was founded in 1889, and international
trade was sufficiently large for 8 consuls and 14 vice-consuls to be based in
the town. Urban expansion took in Pillgwenlly and Liswerry to the south; this
eventually necessitated a new crossing of the river Usk, which was provided by
the Transporter Bridge completed in 1906, described as "Newport's greatest
treasure".
On 2 July 1909, during construction of Newport's
Alexandra Dock, supporting timbers in an exacavation trench collapsed,
instantly burying 46 workers. The rescuers included 12-year-old paper boy
Thomas ‘Toya’ Lewis who was small enough
to crawl into the collapsed trench. Lewis worked for
two hours with hammer and chisel in an attempt to free one of those trapped.
Several hundred pounds was later raised through public subscription in
gratitude for the boy's efforts, and
he was sent on an engineering scholarship to Scotland.
Lewis was awarded the Albert Medal for Lifesaving by The King in December 1909.
A Wetherspoons pub in the city centre is named "The Tom Toya Lewis"
after the young hero. The building in which the pub is housed was formerly the
Newport YMCA, the
Foundation Stone for which was laid by Viscount
Tredegar, also in 1909.
Compared to many Welsh towns, Newport's economy had a
broad base, with foundries, engineering works, a cattle market and shops that
served much of Monmouthshire. However, the docks were in decline even before
the Great Depression, and local unemployment peaked at 34.7% in 1930: high, but
not as bad as the levels seen in the mining towns of the South Wales Valleys.
Despite the economic conditions, the town corporation re-housed over half the
population in the 1920s and 30s.
The post-war years saw renewed prosperity in the town,
with
St. Woolo's Cathedral attaining full cathedral status
in 1949, the opening of the modern integrated steelworks at Llanwern in 1962,
and the construction of the Severn Bridge and local sections of the M4 motorway
in the late 1960s, making Newport the best-connected place in Wales. Although
employment at
Llanwern declined in the 1980s, the town acquired a
range of new public sector employers, and a Richard Rogers-designed Inmos
factory helped to establish Newport as a 'hotspot' for technology companies. A
flourishing local music scene in the early 1990s led to claims that the town
was "a new Seattle".
The county borough of Newport was granted city status
in 2002 to mark Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee. In the same year, an
unusually large merchant ship, referred to locally as the Newport ship, was
uncovered and rescued from the bank of the Usk during the construction of the
Riverfront Arts Centre. The
ship has been dated to some time between 1445 and 1469
and it remains the only vessel of its type from this period yet discovered
anywhere in the world.
Newport Chronology
1140: The first early Norman wooden motte and bailey
castle is built on Stow Hill.
1402: Town attacked by the forces of Owain Glyndŵr,
rebel Prince of Wales: St.
Woolos Cathedral destroyed.
1672: Tredegar House completed.
1796: Opening of the Monmouthshire canal.
1842: Town Dock at Newport Docks opens – able to
accommodate the largest ships in the world.
1850: Newport becomes the seat of the Roman Catholic
diocese of Newport and Menevia.
1871: W. H. Davies, renowned poet born at Portland
Street, Pillgwenlly.
1877: Athletic grounds at Rodney Parade opens.
1887: The Boys Brigade movement in Wales founded by
George Philip Reynolds at Havelock Street Presbyterian Church.
1892: Construction of the docks completed.
1894: Belle Vue Park opens.
1906: Transporter Bridge[14] opens on 12 September.
1916: Diocese of Newport absorbed into the new
Archdiocese of Cardiff.
1937: King George VI visits Newport and cuts first sod
of new Civic Centre building.
1949: St. Woolos attains full cathedral status.
2002: Newport granted city status; Newport Unlimited
regeneration company set up; discovery of the Newport ship.
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Classic Introductory Theosophy Text
A Text Book of
Theosophy By C W Leadbeater
What Theosophy Is From the Absolute to Man
The Formation of a Solar System The Evolution of Life
The Constitution of Man After Death Reincarnation
The Purpose of Life The Planetary Chains
The Result of Theosophical Study
An Outstanding
Introduction to Theosophy
By a student of
Katherine Tingley
Elementary Theosophy Who is the Man? Body and Soul
Body, Soul and Spirit Reincarnation Karma
Preface to the American Edition Introduction
Occultism and its Adepts The Theosophical Society
First Occult Experiences Teachings of Occult Philosophy
Later Occult Phenomena Appendix
Preface Theosophy and the Masters General Principles
The Earth Chain Body and Astral Body Kama – Desire
Manas Of Reincarnation Reincarnation Continued
Karma Kama Loka Devachan Cycles
Arguments Supporting Reincarnation
Differentiation Of Species Missing Links
Psychic Laws, Forces, and Phenomena
Psychic Phenomena and Spiritualism
Karma Fundamental Principles Laws: Natural and Man-Made The Law of Laws
The Eternal Now
Succession
Causation The Laws of Nature A Lesson of The Law
Karma Does Not Crush Apply This Law
Man in The Three Worlds Understand The Truth
Man and His Surroundings The Three Fates
The Pair of Triplets Thought, The Builder
Practical Meditation Will and Desire
The Mastery of Desire Two Other Points
The Third Thread Perfect Justice
Our Environment
Our Kith and Kin Our Nation
The Light for a Good Man Knowledge of Law The Opposing Schools
The More Modern View Self-Examination Out of the Past
Old Friendships
We Grow By Giving Collective Karma Family Karma
National Karma
India’s Karma
National Disasters
Intoduction
The Dense Physical Body The Etheric Double
Prana, The Life The Desire Body Manas, The Thinker, or Mind
The Quaternary, Or Four Lower Principles
Subtle Forms of The Fourth and Fifth Principle
The Higher Manas Âtma – Buddhi, The Spirit Manas in Activity
The Monad in Evolution Lines of Proof for an Untrained Enquirer
Annotated Edition Published
1885
Preface to the Annotated Edition Preface to the Original Edition
Esoteric Teachers The Constitution of Man The Planetary Chain
The World Periods Devachan Kama Loca
The Human Tide-Wave The Progress of Humanity
Buddha Nirvana The Universe The Doctrine Reviewed
The Unity Underlying all Religions
The Physical
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Kamaloka The Mental Plane
Devachan
The Buddhic and
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The Three Kinds of Karma Collective Karma
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Wales is a Principality within the United Kingdom
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of Wales as at the 2001 census is 2,946,200.
Sited at a former Roman garrison town
with access to
the sea via the river Usk.
The Roman
Amphitheatre at Caerleon,
Dinas Emrys (The Fort of Merlin)
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Foundation of the Original Theosophical Society 1875
The first Theosophical Society was founded
in New York on
November 17th 1875 by Helena
Petrovna Blavatsky,
Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan
Judge and others.
The Theosophical Movement now consists of a
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Tradition forward.
Cardiff Theosophical Society has been
promoting Theosophy since 1908
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मूल थियोसोफिकल सोसायटी 1875 फाउंडेशन
पहले थियोसोफिकल सोसायटी को न्यूयॉर्क में स्थापित किया गया था
17 नवंबर Helena Petrovna Blavatsky द्वारा 1875,
कर्नल Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge
और दूसरों.
थियोसोफिकल आंदोलन अब एक विविध रेंज के होते हैं
आगे थियोसोफिकल परंपरा ले जो संगठनों.
कार्डिफ थियोसोफिकल सोसायटी 1908 के बाद से ब्रह्मविद्या को बढ़ावा देने की गई है
_______________________________________
Mūla thiyōsōphikala
sōsāyaṭī 1875 phā'uṇḍēśana
Pahalē thiyōsōphikala sōsāyaṭī kō
n'yūyŏrka mēṁ sthāpita kiyā gayā thā
17 Navambara Helena Petrovna Blavatsky dvārā 1875,
Kamala Henry Steel Olcott, aura dūsarōṁ.
Thiyōsōphikala āndōlana aba ēka vividha
rēn̄ja kē hōtē haiṁ
Āgē thiyōsōphikala paramparā lē jō
saṅgaṭhanōṁ.
Kārḍipha thiyōsōphikala sōsāyaṭī 1908
kē bāda sē brahmavidyā
kō
baṛhāvā dēnē kī ga'ī hai
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